UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE 
WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA 


By  P.  B.  KENNEDY 


Awned  and  awnless  forms  of  water  grass,  Echinochloa  crus-galli. 

BULLETIN  No.  356 

April,  1923 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


David  P.  Barrows,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPEEIMENT  STATION  STAFF 

HEADS   OF   DIVISIONS 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Dean. 

Edward  J.  Wickson,  Horticulture  (Emeritus). 

,  Director  of  Eesident  Instruction. 

C.  M.  Haring,  Veterinary  Science,  Director  of  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

B.  H.  Crocheron,  Director  of  Agricultural  Extension. 

C.  B.  Hutchison,  Plant  Breeding,  Director  of  the  Branch  of  the  College  of 

Agriculture,  Davis. 
H.  J.  Webber,  Subtropical  Horticulture,  Director  Citrus  Experiment  Station. 
William  A.  Setchell,  Botany. 
Myer  E.  Jaffa,  Nutrition. 
Ealph  E.  Smith,  Plant  Pathology. 
John  W.  Gilmore,  Agronomy. 
Charles  F.  Shaw,  Soil  Technology. 
John  W.  Gregg,  Landscape  Gardening  and  Floriculture. 
Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  Viticulture  and  Fruit  Products. 
Warren  T.  Clarke,  Agricultural  Extension. 
Ernest  B.  Babcock,  Genetics. 
Gordon  H.  True,  Animal  Husbandry. 
Walter  Mulford,  Forestry.         . 
James  T.  Barrett,  Plant  Pathology. 
W.  P.  Kelley,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
H.  J.  Quayle,  Entomology. 
Elwood  Mead,  Rural  Institutions. 
H.  S.  Eeed,  Plant  Physiology. 
L.  D.  Batchelor,  Orchard  Management. 
W.  L.  Howard,  Pomology. 
*Frank  Adams,  Irrigation  Investigations. 

C.  L.  Eoadhouse,  Dairy  Industry. 
E.  L.  Adams,  Farm  Management. 

W.  B.  Herms,  Entomology  and  Parasitology. 
John  E.  Dougherty,  Poultry  Husbandry. 

D.  E.  Hoagland,  Plant  Nutrition. 
G.  H.  Hart,  Veterinary  Science. 

L.  J.  Fletcher,  Agricultural  Engineering. 
Edwin  C.  Voorhies,  Assistant  to  the  Dean. 

DIVISION  OF  AGRONOMY 

J.  W.  Gilmore  W.  W.  Mackie 

P.  B.  Kennedy  J.  F.  Duggar 

G,  W.  Hendry  J.  P.  Conrad 
B.  A.  Madson 


*  In  cooperation  with  Division  of  Agricultural  Engineering,  Bureau  of  Public  Roads,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA 

By  P.  B.  KENNEDY 


DESCRIPTION   OF  WEEDS 

Water  Grass,  Echinochloa  crus-galli,  and  varieties.  (See  frontis- 
piece and  figs.  1  to  3.) — This  grass  with  its  varieties  is  the  most 
abundant  and  widely  distributed  weed  in  the  rice  growing  districts 
of  the  state.  Since  it  is  able  to  grow  either  in  the  flooded  fields  and 
waterways  or  on  the  levees,  it  has  spread  over  large  areas  of  the 
country  where  rice  is  grown. 

At  threshing  time  a  considerable  quantity  of  water  grass  seed 
gets  into  the  sacks  with  the  rice.  There  are  without  doubt  several 
different  field  varieties  of  the  grass  in  the  rice  fields,  namely  (a)  an 
early  form,  which  is  short,  and  matures  and  drops  its  seed  early, 
before  the  rice  is  headed  out;  (b)  a  mid-summer  form,  which  heads 
out  about  the  same  time  as  the  rice,  but  drops  most  of  its  seed  before 
the  rice  is  harvested;  and  (c)  a  late  form,  which  is  in  full  seed  at  the 
time  the  rice  is  harvested.  A  satisfactory  classification  of  these  varie- 
ties has  not  yet  been  made. 

The  water  grass  is  an  annual  and  a  prolific  seeder.  Chamliss 
and  E.  Adams  have  estimated  that  a  single  plant  may  produce  as 
many  as  40,000  seeds.  Little  is  known  regarding  the  varying  con- 
ditions to  which  water  grass  seed  may  be  subjected  and  still  remain 
viable.  It  remains  to  be  determined  low  long  it  will  retain  its 
viability  if  it  is  plowed  under  either  in  dry  or  in  wet  soil.  Again  is 
it  similar  to  wild  oats  and  mustard,  which  will  lie  dormant  for  a  long 
period  in  the  soil  and  grow  again  when  they  are  brought  up  to  the 
surface  ?  Does  it  require  a  period  of  rest,  or  will  it  germinate  directly 
when  it  is  taken  from  the  plants?  What  is  the  optimum  condition 
of  temperature  and  moisture  for  its  germination?  These  and  many 
similar  questions  regarding  water  grass  seed  remain  unanswered. 
Take  the  case  of  a  stubble  field  that  had  been  planted  in  rice  the 
previous  year.  It  was  seen  in  summer,  when  it  was  being  flooded 
preparatory  to  plowing.  Millions  of  seedlings  of  water  grass  plants 
covered  large  areas  of  the  flooded  portion.  In  unflooded  areas  no 
seedlings  were  visible,  yet  the  seeds  there  must  have  received  the 
natural  rainfall.  Presumably  it  came  too  early  in  the  season  to  cause 
their  germination.  Evidently  the  temperatures  of  late  fall,  winter, 
and  early  spring,  the  times  when  we  receive  most  of  our  natural 


468 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 


precipitation,  are  too  low  for  the  successful  germination  of  water 
grass  seed.    This  suggests  that  flooding  in  summer  to  germinate  the 


a 


Fig.  1. — Forms  of  Water-grass,  Echinochloa  crus-galli.     a.  Awnless  form. 

b.  Awned  form. 

seeds,  and  then  plowing  under  the  young  seedlings  is  one  of  the  most 
effective  methods  of  cleaning  foul  rice  lands.  Repeating  the  flooding 
and  then  disking  should  also  be  very  effective. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      469 

Controlling  water  grass  D37  the  submergence  method  is  gaining 
many  adherents.  The  results  of  the  experiments  of  the  State  Kice 
Experiment  Station  at  Cortena  seem  to  corroborate  the  earlier  trials 


Fig.  2. — Seeds  of  Water-grass,  with  and  without  seed  coats  and  awns. 

made  by  some  of  the  rice  growers  which  showed  that  water  grass  will 
not  come  up  through  eight  inches  of  water,  while  the  rice  will.  It  is 
evident  that  the  water  grass  plant  needs  access  to  the  air  soon  after 
germination.  More  experiments  are  needed  to  determine  how  deep 
the  water  must  be  in  order  to  suppress  it  successfully. 


470 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Controlling  water  grass  by  rotating  the  rice  crop  with  some  other 
crop,  especially  a  legume,  would  be  an  ideal  method  but  as  yet  we 
have  not  the  drainage  or  soil  conditions  required  in  order  to  grow 


Fig.  3. — Typical  Water-grass  on  levees  of  rice  field. 

any  other  crop  successfully.  On  some  of  the  better  lands,  not  typical 
rice  lands,  grain  or  sorghum  will  produce  good  crops  in  a  rotation. 
Rotation  trials  with  a  large  number  of  crops  need  to  be  carried  on 
in  the  near  future. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      471 

Hand  weeding  is  effective,  but  expensive.  It  is  not  generally 
practiced  except  where  the  rice  crop  is  being  grown  for  seed.  The 
common  practice  is  to  use  the  curved  Japanese  weed  knife  and  cut  off 
the  roots  well  below  the  crown.  The  plants  must  be  removed  from  the 
field  or  they  will  root  and  grow  again.  This  necessitates  much  labor, 
since  one  must  carry  the  bundles  to  the  levees  or  use  a  small  boat  to 
carry  the  cut  weeds.  A  boat  necessitates  frequent  trips  through  the 
rice  to  unload,  causing  much  damage. 


Fig.  4. — Joint  Grass,  Paspalum  distichum. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  mention  the  use  of  clean  seed  rice  as  an 
effective  method  of  control.  Growers  should  examine  the  fields  of 
persons  growing  rice  for  seed,  and  place  their  orders  with  those 
having  the  cleanest  fields. 

Joint  Grass,  Paspalum  distichum.  (See  fig.  4.) — This  perennial 
creeping  grass  spreads  very  rapidly  by  the  process  of  rooting  at  each 
joint  or  node.  It  will  grow  even  if  submerged,  the  stems  extending 
to  the  surface.  If  subjected  to  drought,  it  will  continue  to  live 
through  the  season  until  moisture  is  supplied  by  the  rains. 

Joint  grass  is  becoming  more  abundant  each  year  in  the  rice 
fields.  In  the  alkali  regions  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  the  seeds  and 
leaves  form  a  large  proportion  of  the  food  of  wild  ducks.  It  is  one 
of  the  best  grasses  for  cattle  in  swampy  areas.  Though  it  is  not  yet 
a  serious  menace,  the  problem  of  eradicating  it  will  be  a  difficult  one. 
Successive  plowing  and  cultivating  during  the  summer  will  be  neces- 
sary factors  in  the  process. 


472 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Sprangle  Top,  Leptochloa  fascicularis.  (See  fig.  5.) — Sprangle 
top  is  erroneously  called  "ray"  grass  in  the  rice  sections.  The  name 
Spreading  Millet  has  also  been  applied  to  it  in  parts  of  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley.  Scale  Grass  was  the  name  given  by  the  author  in 
"Weeds  of  California."  It  is  an  annual  grass,  usually  associated  with 
stagnant  water  and  alkaline  soils  so  that  we  find  it  more  commonly 


Fig.  5. — Dense  growth  of  Sprangle-top,  Leptochloa  fascicularis,  among  rice. 

along  seepage  places  by  the  roadside  and  in  drainage  ditches  than  in 
the  rice  fields.  The  stems  are  erect-spreading,  terminating  in  a  succes- 
sion of  erect  slender  spikes  three  to  five  inches  long,  branching  from 
the  main  axis  and  bearing  the  spikelets.  The  spikelets  are  seven-  to 
eleven-flowered,  with  a  short  awn  from  each  floret.  Although  more 
or  less  abundant  in  the  rice  sections  we  have  not  as  yet  observed  any 
localities  where  it  has  seriously  interfered  with  the  rice  crop. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      473 

Canary  Grasses,  PJialaris.  (See  figs.  6,  7,  8,  9.) — The  term  Cali- 
fornia Timothy  is  frequently  given  to  these  grasses.  They  are  annual 
wayside  weeds  throughout  the  state.  Some  of  them  occupy  the  land 
almost  exclusively  during  the  first  year  of  fallow  after  the  rice  crop. 
The  most  abundant  species  in  the  rice  are  P.  b  r  achy  st  achy  s,  P.  para- 
doxa,  and  P.  minor. 


Fig.  6. — Heads  of  Gnawed  Canary  Grass,  Phalaris  paradoxa. 

They  grow  both  on  dry  and  wet  lands,  and  illustrate  how  much 
trouble  can  be  caused  to  the  rice  crop  by  a  dry  land  plant.  They 
make  an  early  and  rapid  growth  during  the  spring  and  sometimes 
cause  serious  damage  to  the  young  rice  crop  before  flooding  is  com- 
menced. The  flower  is  in  the  form  of  a  head  which  closely  resembles 
that  of  timothy.    It  later  develops  small  shiny  yellowish-brown  seeds. 


474 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Rice  Cut  Grass,  Leersia  oryzoides.  (See  fig.  10.) — The  rice  cut 
grass  is  a  close  relative  of  the  cultivated  rice  and  should  be  regarded 
with  suspicion.  It  is  an  introduced  perennial  grass,  and  although 
it  is  not  abundant  at  the  present  time,  there  seems  no  reason  to  believe 
that  it  will  not  find  conditions  among  the  rice  exactly  to  its  liking. 
We  found  it  in  dense  tangled  masses  in  the  sloughs  near  Biggs  im- 


Fig.  7. — Seed  of  Gnawed  Canary  Grass,  Phalaris  paradoxa. 


peding  the  flow  of  the  water  by  forming  small  islands  which  held 
back  the  silt.  Occasionally  it  was  also  seen  along  the  roadsides  in 
moist  places  bordering  on  the  cat-tails.  The  seed  resembles  rice  in 
general  shape,  but  is  smaller  and  remains  flat  without  producing  a 
prominent  grain.     It  has  creeping  rootstocks. 

Crab  Grass,  Syntherisma  sanguinalis. — This  is  an  annual  weedy 
grass  introduced  from  Europe,  and  commonly  occurring  along  road- 
sides, in  waste  moist  places  and  on  levees.  A  single  plant  may  cover 
a  considerable  area  of  ground  through  having  many  stems  rooting 
at  the  nodes.  The  flowers  are  disposed  on  branches  similar  to  the 
fingers  on  a  hand,  so  that  it  is  sometimes  called  finger  grass.     It  is 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      475 

not  unlike  Bermuda  grass,  except  that  the  fingers  are  very  much 
longer.  Its  rooting  system  is  not  as  persistent  as  that  of  Bermuda 
grass,  which  differs  from  it  also  in  being  a  strong  perennial. 

Tufted  Love  Grass,  Eragrostis  pilosa. — This  is  a  slender  feathery- 
like  annual  weedy  grass  occurring  abundantly  in  the  laterals  in  the 


Fig.  8. — Bracted  Canary  Grass,  Phalaris  tr  achy  st  achy  s. 


rice  growing  sections  where  it  impedes  the  flow  of  water.  So  far  as 
we  have  observed,  it  has  not  yet  proved  troublesome  to  the  rice  crop. 
Beard  Grass,  Polypogon  monspeliensis.  (See  fig.  11.) — Beard 
grass  is  an  annual  weedy  grass,  common  in  moist  waste  places  and 
along  irrigation  and  drainage  ditches  throughout  the  state.  It  with- 
stands very  wet  conditions,  especially  in  heavy  lands.  On  overflowed 
areas,  where  the  water  becomes  stagnant  for  the  want  of  an  outlet 
or  from  under-drainage,  it  is  especially  aggressive  and  becomes  a 
serious  pest. 


476 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Fig.  9. — Heads  of  Small  Canary  Grass  (California  Timothy),  Phalaris  minor. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      477 

The  flowers  are  borne  on  a  loose  head  or  spike  from  one  to  six 
inches  long  and  from  one-half  an  inch  to  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter. 
The  spike  is  tawny  or  tinged  with  purple  when  young,  becoming 


Fig.  10. — Rice  Cut-grass,  Leersia  oryzoides. 


Fig.  11. — Beard  Grass,  Polypogon  monspeliensis,  on  ditch  bank. 

yellow  with  age.  The  seeds  possess  yellowish  bristles  from  which  the 
name  beard  grass  is  derived.  Sheep  men  who  graze  their  sheep  in 
the  rice  districts  complain  that  the  tiny  sharp  seeds  injure  the  eyes 
of  lambs  while  they  are  feeding.  A  similar  species  is  Alkali  Beard 
Grass,  P.  littoralis. 


478 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Red  Rice,  Oryza  rufipogon. — This  is  one  of  the  worst  pests  in  the 
rice  industry  throughout  the  world.  It  is  slowly  but  surely  establish- 
ing itself  in  the  rice  districts  of  California.  In  the  southern  states  it 
is  considered  the  most  widely  distributed  and  the  most  difficult  to 
contend  with  of  all  rice  pests. 

Red  rice  is  as  good  a  food  as  white  rice.  In  fact  the  Hindus 
prefer  to  eat  red  rice.  Our  market,  however,  demands  white  rice. 
The  objection  to  red  rice  comes  from  the  millers,  who  are  obliged 


Fig.  12. — Wild  Millet  or  Pigeon  Grass,  Setaria  viridis. 

to  grind  off  the  red  coat  to  make  it  acceptable  to  the  public.  In  doing 
this  they  must  mill  off  the  white  rice  to  a  degree  that  entails  much 
waste  before  the  red  coating  of  the  red  rice  is  removed.  Six  years 
ago  it  was  exceedingly  difficult  to  find  any  red  rice  in  California, 
but  today  it  is  found  in  many  localities.  The  red  rice  situation  in 
California  at  the  present  time  may  be  met  by  first  locating  the  infesta- 
tions and  weeding  them  out  by  hand,  and  then  sowing  only  such  rice 
seed  as  is  free  from  the  red  variety. 

Red  rice  plants  are  usually  more  vigorous  and  aggressive  than 
those  of  white  rice.  The  stems  have  a  tendency  to  stool  at  an  angle 
and  are  not  erect  like  those  of  white  rice.  Where  red  rice  is  abundant 
the  fields  take  on  a  darker  green.  This  rice  matures  early  and  the 
grain  shatters  readily,  so  that  much  of  it  has  already  fallen  to  the 
ground  before  harvest  time.  It  is  said  to  remain  in  the  ground  even 
when  thorough  summer  fallowing  is  practiced. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      479 

Slough  Grass,  Beckmannia  eracaeformis. — Slough  grass  is  a 
rather  tall  erect  perennial  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  imbricated  spike- 
lets  resembling  the  rattles  of  a  rattle-snake.  It  is  found  on  swampy 
lands,  in  irrigation  ditches,  and  along  streams.  It  tolerates  alkali 
to  a  considerable  degree.  It  is  of  value  as  forage,  especially  when 
young. 


Fig.  13. — Heads  of  Italian  Eye  Grass,  Lolium  multiflorum. 


Pigeon  Grass;  Wild  Millet,  Set  aria.  (See  fig.  12.) — An  annual 
grass  introduced  from  Europe  and  now  abundant  in  the  United  States. 
It  occurs  in  gardens,  alfalfa  fields,  and  cultivated  areas  generally 
throughout  California.  The  plant  grows  to  a  height  of  about  two 
feet,  the  stems  terminating  in  a  head  or  spike  resembling  timothy,  but 
with  five  or  more  tawny  yellow  bristles  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch 


480 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


long  surrounding  each  flower  in  the  head.  This  grass  and  a  closely 
related  species,  Green  Wild  Millet,  S.  viridis,  found  in  similar  sit- 
uations in  the  state,  are  the  progenitors  of  our  well-known  cultivated 
foxtail  millet  or  Hungarian  grass.  Although  frequent  in  the  rice 
districts,  it  does  not  prove  troublesome  in  connection  with  the  rice 
crop. 


Fig.  14. — A  typical  Umbrella  Plant,  Cyperus  virens. 

Italian  Rye  Grass,  Lolium  multiflorum.  (See  fig.  13.) — This 
plant  is  a  tufted  short-lived  perennial  grass  when  growing  in  heavy 
soil  on  the  coast,  and  an  annual  on  sandy  land  without  irrigation.  It 
grows  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  with  slender  flat  spikes  from  six 
to  twelve  inches  long  on  the  end  of  the  stems.  It  is  found  through- 
out the  state  wherever  there  is  fertile  pasture  land  well  supplied  with 
moisture.  This  accounts  for  its  presence  in  certain  localities  in  the 
rice  districts.  Rye  grass  is  relished  by  stock,  and  it  could  hardly 
be  classed  as  a  weed  except  that  it  occurs  along  roadsides  and  in  fields 
and  waste  places. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      481 

Salt  Grass,  Distichlis  spicata. — This  is  a  common  grass  in  salt 
marshes  and  alkaline  soils  along  the  coast  and  the  interior  deserts 
and  valleys  of  California.  It  forms  a  sod  by  means  of  rootstocks,  and 
is  most  common  where  the  water  table  comes  close  to  the  surface.  It 
thrives  even  in  ground  heavily  crusted  with  alkali.  It  sometimes 
encroaches  upon  cultivated  land,  where  it  becomes  a  pest  owing  to 
its  tough  matted  roots.  Although  it  is  sometimes  fenced  and  used 
for  pasturage,  it  must  be  considered  chiefly  as  an  emergency  forage 
plant.    It  will  keep  stock  alive,  but  they  seldom  do  well  on  it. 


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/  \] 


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%mmm 


Fig.   15. — Small-flowered  Umbrella  Plant,  Cyperus  difformis    (?)    in  alleys 
between  trial  plots  of  rice  at  Federal  Eice  Station,  Biggs,  Calif. 


Salt  grass  is  difficult  to  eradicate.  Shallow  plowing,  say  about 
four  inches  deep,  so  as  to  keep  the  roots  near  the  surface,  is  better  than 
deep  plowing,  which  causes  the  roots  to  take  a  firmer  hold  on  the 
ground.  It  would  take  a  whole  year  of  constant  cultivation  without 
a  crop  to  subdue  this  pest.  Exposing  the  roots  to  the  hot  drought 
of  summer  is  the  method  of  eradication  most  to  be  relied  upon. 

Umbrella  Plants,  Cyperus.  (See  figs.  14  and  15.) — Several 
species  of  these  water-loving  plants  are  on  the  increase  in  the  rice 
districts  and  are  extending  from  the  ditch  banks  and  laterals  into 
the  rice  fields.  They  are  annuals  with  triangular  stems,  on  the  ends 
of  which  are  borne  flowers  arranged  very  much  like  the  ribs  of  an 
umbrella  that  has  been  inverted  by  the  wind.  They  produce  an 
abundance  of  tiny  seeds.  The  small-flowered  umbrella  plant,  G. 
difformis  (?)  grows  along  with  the  rice.    Unless  it  becomes  too  abun- 


482 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


dant  it  does  not  seem  to  interfere  seriously  with  the  yield.  This  weed 
seems  to  be  an  introduction  from  Japan.  It  does  not  grow  higher 
than  the  rice.  C.  vircns,  C.  erythrorhizos  are  taller  species  which 
confine  themselves  mostly  to  the  ditches  and  levees.  Two  perennial 
species  with  nutlets  on  their  roots,  C.  esculentus  and  C.  rotundus,  are 
serious  pests  in  the  delta  lands  and  elsewhere  in  the  state.  They 
are  known  as  "nut  grasses"  and  have  proven  extremely  difficult  to 
eradicate. 


Fig.  16. — Spike  Eusli  (Wire-grass),  Eleocharis  palustris. 

Common  Bulrush  or  Title,  Scirpus  occidentalis. — This  is  a  well 
known  perennial  plant  with  round  stems,  covering  thousands  of  acres 
in  our  great  interior  valley.  Its  dark  green  leafless  stems  grow  from 
three  to  ten  or  more  feet  high,  forming  dense  thickets  in  swampy 
lands.  Clusters  of  brownish  flowers  appear  near  the  end  of  the 
stem.  Another  species  similar  to  the  first  in  all  respects  except  for 
a  small  difference  in  the  flowers  is  S.  californicus.  The  tule  does  not 
seem  to  tolerate  cultivation,  as  it  is  not  troublesome  in  well  prepared 
rice  fields,  preferring  the  ditches  and  undisturbed  areas. 

Three  Square  Bulrush,  Scirpus  robustus. — A  triangular 
stemmed  perennial  plant  with  long  leaves  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
stems.  It  frequents  moist  alkaline  soils.  The  flowers  are  in  clusters 
of  rather  large  spike-like  brownish  heads.  It  resembles  some  of  the 
Umbrella  plants  (Cy perns),  which  also  have  triangular  stems,  but  it 
can  be  distinguished  from  them  by  its  seeds  which  are  brown,  shiny, 
lense-shaped,  and  much  ^larger,  being  about  one  eighth  of  an  inch 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      483 


long.  A  similar  species  with  the  same  habitat  is  Olney's  bulrush, 
8.  olneyi,  which  is  practically  leafless.  Although  they  are  water 
plants,  the  triangular  bulrushes  have  not  as  yet  proved  troublesome 
in  the  rice  fields. 

Spike  Rush,  Eleocharis  palustris.  (See  fig.  16.) — The  spike  rush 
is  erroneously  called  ' '  wire  grass ' '  and  ' '  tule  grass. "  It  is  abundant 
in  marshes  throughout  the  great  interior  valley,  and  tolerates  con- 
siderable quantities  of  alkali  in  the  soil  if  it  is  amply  provided  with 


Fig.  17. — Cat-tail,  Typha  latifolia. 


moisture.  It  is  grass-  or  reed-like  in  appearance,  with  sheaths  at  the 
base  representing  leaves.  The  plant  spreads  by  means  of  perennial 
horizontal  rootstocks  from  which  rise  numerous  soft  hollow  stems 
about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  At  the  apex  of  each'  stem 
there  is  a  small  spike  about  one  half  an  inch  to  one  inch  long,  lasting 
for  a  short  period  only,  which  represents  the  flowers.  This  soon  turns 
brown  and  disappears.  Although  it  forms  a  sod,  it  has  little  pasture 
value.  It  is  troublesome  chiefly  in  places  where  the  water  is  per- 
mitted to  become  stagnant,  or  in  the  case  of  fallow  where  the  drain- 
age is  inadequate.  We  have  seen  some  instances  where  the  rice  fields 
have  had  to  be  abandoned  because  of  the  presence  of  this  plant  in 
poorly  drained  areas. 

Cat  Tail,  Typha  latifolia.  (See  fig.  17.) — This  well  known  plant 
is  frequently  included  among  the  "tules. "  It  is  quite  abundant  in 
marshy  places  throughout  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys. 


484 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


It  may  be  recognized  by  its  long  slender  flat  leaves  and  compact 
cylindrical  flower  head.  These  heads  are  frequently  seen  in  art 
stores,  where  they  are  artificially  colored  and  used  for  decorative 
purposes.  To  give  an  idea  of  its  seed  production  it  may  be  said  that 
there  are  hundreds  of  thousands  of  seed  on  each  head.  Each  seed  is 
about  the  size  of  a  pin  head  and  has  several  cottony  appendages 
admirably  adapted  for  dissemination  by  the  wind  for  long  distances. 
The  cottony  masses  seen  along  the  roadside  in  late  summer  are  fre- 
quently those  of  the  cat  tail.  Little  is  known  as  to  know  long  these 
tiny  seeds  will  remain  viable.    By  placing  a  pinch  of  the  cottony  seed 


Fig.   18. — Typical  growth  of  Arrow-head,  Sagittaria   latifolia. 

mass  in  a  pot  in  the  greenhouse  and  keeping  the  soil  saturated  with 
water  about  fifty  plants  were  obtained.  Control  of  the  cat  tail  will 
depend  largely  upon  facilities  for  ample  drainage.  If  the  water  table 
is  near  the  surface,  the  plant  will  continue  to  be  troublesome.  Plow- 
ing in  the  fall  to  expose  the  rootstocks  to  the  frost,  followed  by  disc- 
ing in  the  spring  to  expose  them  to  drought,  will  be  found  helpful. 
The  plant  grows  very  rapidly  from  seed  the  first  season,  the  leaves 
extending  above  the  mature  rice  and  remaining  green.  They  are 
very  troublesome  at  harvest  time  because  of  the  excess  of  moisture 
which  they  contain.  Plants  growing  from  pieces  of  the  broken  up 
rootstocks  of  the  previous  season  will  produce  flower  heads  in  a  few 
months.  Every  effort  should  be  made  to  prevent  the  plants  growing 
in  waste  places  adjacent  to  rice  fields  from  going  to  seed,  especially 
if  they  are  located  on  the  windward  side  of  the  field,  as  millions  of 
seeds  will  be  blown  across  to  reinf est  the  rice  land. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN   CALIFORNIA      485 

Arrowhead,  Sagittaria  latifolia.  (See  fig.  18.) — This  plant  is 
known  to  everyone  because  of  its  frequent  occurrence  in  wet  places 
and  the  characteristic  shape  of  its  leaves.  These  range  from  a  few 
inches  in  length  to  as  much  as  a  foot.  They  are  extremely  variable, 
ranging  from  very  narrow  and  slender  to  very  broad.  The  long 
tail-like  lobes  at  the  base  may  be  from  one  quarter  to  one  half  as 
long  as  the  blade.  The  leaf  stalks  extend  from  the  base  of  the  plant, 
being  broad  and  in  the  nature  of  a  sheath  at  the  base  and  gradually 
tapering  to  the  point  of  connection  with  the  blade.     The  whorled 


Fig.  19. — Pondweeds  (Potamogeton)  floating  on  water. 

clusters  of  rather  large  white  flowers  about  an  inch  across,  with 
numerous  yellow  anthered  stamens  in  the  center,  help  to  distinguish 
it  from  other  water  plants  growing  in  similar  situations.  The  seeds 
or  achenes  are  beaked  and  in  a  dense  globose  head.  Arrowhead  is  a 
perennial  and  forms  tuberous  growths  at  the  base  which  are  edible. 
An  occasional  plant  may  be  seen  among  the  rice,  but  it  has  not  been 
particularly  troublesome. 

Water  Plantain,  Alisma  plantago  aquatica. — The  water  plan- 
tain frequents  shallow  water  or  muddy  places  and  is  more  trouble- 
some in  the  ditches  than  in  the  rice  fields,  so  much  so  in  fact  that  it 
has  to  be  cut  with  a  scythe  during  the  irrigation  period.  The  blades 
of  the  leaves  are  extremely  variable,  ranging  from  narrow  to  broadly 
lance  shaped  and  tapering  at  each  end,  while  the  leaf  stalks  extend 
to  the  base  of  the  plant.    They  may  float  in  the  water  or  remain  erect, 


486  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

if  the  plant  is  growing  in  mud.  The  small  whitish  flowers  are  borne 
on  a  large,  loose,  much  branched  and  whorled  panicle,  which  may 
extend  far  beyond  the  leaves.  The  seeds  or  achenes  are  in  a  circle 
on  a  flat  receptacle.  They  are  about  one  twelfth  of  an  inch  long 
and  strongly  flattened,  with  a  very  short  beak  on  the  inner  side. 

Upright  Bur-head,  Echinodorus  cordifolius. — This  plant  has 
been  found  quite  abundantly  in  the  laterals,  ditches,  and  open  spaces 
in  the  rice  fields.  It  resembles  the  water  plantain  and  no  doubt  has 
been  frequently  mistaken  for  it.  The  leaves  are  broadly  heart-shaped 
and  do  not  taper  at  the  base  as  in  the  water  plantain.  The  seeds  or 
achenes  are  not  in  a  circle,  but  form  a  head  with  their  beaks  promi- 
nent and  bur-like. 

Large-leaved  Pond  Weed,  Potamogeton  amplifolius.  (See  fig. 
19.) — This  plant  is  a  perennial,  common  in  fresh  water  ditches  and 
canals  in  both  of  the  great  valleys.  It  has  stout  roots  firmly  set  in 
the  muddy  bottoms  of  water  ditches ;  long  stems,  either  simple  or 
branched ;  leaves  floating  on  the  water,  oval  to  ovate,  rounded  at  the 
base,  and  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex ;  also  submerged  leaves  elliptic, 
oval,  or  lanceolate  and  usually  petioled.  Its  flowering  spikes  are  from 
one  to  two  inches  long.  Similar  species  with  smaller  and  narrower 
leaves  are  P.  spirillus  and  P.  pectinatus.  The  plant  is  found  abun- 
dantly in  water  ditches  and  canals  throughout  most  of  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley  and  is  quite  common  in  similar  places  in  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley,  especially  in  the  rice  section  of  Butte  County.  It  is 
apt  to  take  possession  of  canals  in  which  the  water  is  from  four  to 
five  feet  deep,  where  it  forms  great  masses  of  stems  and  leaves  so 
that  it  has  to  be  cut  and  removed  by  hand  several  times  during  each 
irrigation  season. 

Rushes  or  Reeds,  Juncus. — These  plants  resemble  grasses  and  are 
called  grasses  by  almost  everyone.  They  prefer  localities  where  there 
is  an  abundance  of  water.  The  structure  of  the  flower  is  similar  to 
that  of  many  of  our  well-knoAvn  flowers,  such  as  the  lily,  viz.,  there 
are  three  sepals,  three  petals,  and  three  or  six  stamens.  The  flowers, 
however,  are  usually  small  and  never  highly  colored,  being  usually 
green  or  brownish.  They  are  easily  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
grasses  and  sedges,  which  consist  of  scales  or  bracts  enclosing  the 
flower,  which  has  neither  sepals  nor  petals,  but  stamens  and  pistils 
only.  The  scales  are  arranged  opposite  one  another  on  the  axis,  and 
not  in  whorls  like  the  sepals  and  petals  of  the  rushes.  There  are 
many  species  of  rushes  in  the  rice  districts.  The  following  have  been 
collected:  Juncus  leseuri,  J.  xiphioides,  J.  patens,  J.  phaeocephalus 
var.  paniculatus,  J.  effusus,  and  J.  bufonius. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      487 

"Willows,  Salix. — The  seedlings  of  willows  sometimes  cause  trouble 
in  rice  areas  near  creeks.  They  grow  with  great  rapidity,  and  may 
attain  a  height  of  several  feet  in  a  season.  The  basket  willow,  Salix 
exigua,  seems  to  be  the  most  troublesome  in  this  respect. 

Red  Stem,  Ammania  coccinea.  (See  fig.  20.) — An  erect  simple  or 
branched  annual  plant  one  to  three  feet  high,  with  four-angled  stems 
and  narrow  leaves  opposite  one  another,  attached  directly  to  the  stem 
by  their  lobed  bases.  The  small  purplish  flowers  appear  as  clusters 
at  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  develop  into  round  capsules  about 
one  twelfth  of  an  inch  in  diameter.     These  are  filled  with  a  powder- 


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Fig.  20. — Eed  Stem,  Ammania  coccinea,  growing  in  rice  field. 

like  mass  which  constitutes  the  seeds.  It  is  frequently  seen  in  low 
lands  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys,  and  since  the 
establishment  of  rice  sections  there,  it  finds  ample  opportunity  for 
rapid  increase  and  development.  The  plant  is  not  readily  observed 
at  first  in  the  rice  fields,  as  it  rarely  appears  above  the  rice.  Toward 
the  harvest  season,  however,  when  the  stems  turn  red  it  becomes 
conspicuous.  The  chief  complaint  against  red  stem  is  that  it  takes 
up  space  and  nourishment  that  is  needed  for  growing  rice  plants.  If 
tire  plant  is  mature,  the  seeds  readily  burst  from  the  capsules,  and  are 
separated  at  the  time  of  threshing  without  difficulty.  Frequently 
the  capsules  are- still  immature  at  harvest  time  and  pass  along  with 
the  rice,  thus  causing  anxiety  in  consequence  of  the  excessive  moist- 
ure which  thev  introduce  into  the  sacks.     A  characteristic  feature 


488 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION 


of  the  plant  is  the  cottony  mass  produced  by  the  rupture  of  the 
epidermis  at  the  base  of  the  stem  under  the  water. 

Willow  Herbs,  Epilobium  paniculatum,  E.  californicum. — The 
willow  herbs  are  found  abundantly  on  the  levees.  They  are  not 
troublesome  in  relation  to  the  rice  crop.  The  plant  grows  from  one 
to  four  feet  high,  branching  profusely.  Numerous  small  violet-colored 
flowers  are  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  slender  branchlets.  These  later 
develop  seed  containers,  which  are  about  an  inch  long  and  more  or 
less  angled.  Within  these  are  numerous  tiny  black  seeds  each  with 
a  small  tuft  of  delicate  whitish  hairs  enabling  it  to  be  readily  dissem- 
inated bv  the  wind. 


Fig.  21. — California  Water-weed,  Jussiaea  californica. 


California  Water  Weed,  Jussiaea  californica.  (See  fig.  21.)  — 
A  perennial  creeping  or  floating  water  plant  particularly  abundant 
in  the  swamps  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley.  It  is  not  so  frequent  in 
the  Sacramento  Valley,  although  we  found  it  occasionally  at  Biggs. 
The  conspicuous  yellow  flowers  are  borne  singly  in  the  leaf  axils. 

Smartweeds,  Polygonum. — The  smartweeds  frequent  shallow 
ditches  and  are  troublesome  in  that  they  impede  the  flow  of  water. 
The  species  most  frequent  in  the  rice  sections  is  the  willow-leaved 
smartweed,  so  called  because  of  the  resemblance  of  its  leaves  to  those 
of  a  willow.  It  is  an  annual  two  to  three  feet  tall,  with  the  stems 
branching  into  a  spray  of  small  whitish  or  pale  pink  blossoms. 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      489 

Water  Horehotjnd,  Lycopus  americanus. — A  perennial  mint,  only 
slightly  aromatic,  with  clusters  of  small  white  flowers  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves.  The  stems  are  four-angled,  more  or  less  branched,  and 
from  one  to  three  feet  high,  bearing  tooth-margined  leaves  from  one 
to  two  inches  long.  It  is  found  growing  on  wet  soil  or  in  shallow 
water.     It  has  not  as  yet  seriously  interfered  with  the  rice  crop. 


Fig.  22. — Horseweed,  Erigeron  canadensis. 

Bearded  Mint,  Pogogyne  douglasii. — An  annual  sweet  aromatic 
plant  growing  from  four  inches  to  two  feet  high,  with  blue  flowers 
surrounded  by  hairy  bracts  forming  a  dense  spike.  It  is  frequent 
in  low  lands,  overflowed  areas,  and  ditch  bottoms  around  Biggs  and 
elsewhere.    Although  abundant,  it  does  not  seem  to  be  aggressive. 

Horse  Weed,  Erigeron  canadensis.  (See  fig.  22.) — This  is  a  very 
common  annual  weed  along  ditch  banks  and  levees,  and  in  fields  and 
moist  places  throughout  the  state.  It  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in 
the  rice  region,  but  not  directly  in  the  checks,  so  that  it  does  not  inter- 
fere with  the  production  of  the  rice  crop. 


490 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Pitchforks,  Bur  Marigolds,  or  Beggar  Ticks,  Bidens. — Several 
different  species  of  pitchforks  occur  in  the  state  in  the  form  of  wet 
meadow  or  swamp  plants.  The  most  common  variety  in  the  rice 
sections  is  Bidens  frondosa.     It  is  a  branching  annual  two  to  three 


Fig.  23. — Young  plant  of  Spiny  Cockle-bur   (Clot-Bur),  Xanthium  spinosum. 

feet  tall,  with  divided  leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  The  seed  is  pro- 
vided with  two  bristles  or  awns,  resembling  the  tynes  of  a  pitchfork. 
It  is  one  of  the  seeds  most  likely  to  attach  itself  to  one 's  clothing  while 
making  observations  in  the  rice  fields.  As  yet  it  has  not  proved 
especially  troublesome  in  relation  to  the  rice  crops. 

Spiny  Clot  Bur  or  Cockle  Bur,  Xanthium.  (See  fig.  23.) — The 
spiny  clot  bur  thrives  in  both  moist  and  dry  places.  It  is  found  on 
the  levees  and  roadsides,  and  may  be  considered  more  of  a  nuisance 
than  a  rice  crop  pest.     The  plant  produces  strong  yellow  spines  and 


BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      491 

oblong  cylindrical  burs  covered  with  hooked  bristles,  which  readily 
adhere  to  any  passing  object.  Ordinary  care  in  preventing  the  plant 
from  seeding  should  control  it. 


Fig.  24. — Slender  Aster,  Aster  exilis,  in  stubble  fields. 

Slender  Aster,  Aster  exilis.  (See  fig.  24.) — This  is  a  luxuriant 
annual  branching  aster  common  to  the  rice  stubble  fields,  appearing 
as  tall  green  patches  in  the  summer  and  producing  sprays  of  small 
insignificant  pale  pink  or  purple  flowers  late  in  the  season.  The  plant 
grows  from  one  to  five  feet  high  and  has  few  and  extremely  narrow 
leaves,  which  are  from  one  to  several  inches  in  length.  The  flowering 
heads  are  about  one  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  the  soft  white 
pappus  is  about  twice  as  long  as  the  heads. 


492 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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BULLETIN  356]       OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  RICE  WEEDS  IN  CALIFORNIA      493 


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494 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Fig.  25.— Harvesting  by  hand — too  weedy  to  use  the  binder. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOE  FREE  DISTRIBUTION 


BULLETINS 

No.  No. 

253.   Irrigation   and    Soil   Conditions  in  the  325. 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California. 

261.  Melaxuma    of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans 

regia."  328. 

262.  Citrus   Diseases   of  Florida   and   Cuba  331. 

Compared  with  those  of  California.  332. 

263.  Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives.  334. 
268.   Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 

270.  A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping,  Bi-  335. 
ennial  Cropping,  and  Green  Manures 

on  the  Yield  of  Wheat.  336. 

273.   Preliminary  Report  on   Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experimental  Drain.  337. 

275.  The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali-  339. 

fornia. 

276.  The    Pomegranate.  340. 

278.  Grain   Sorghums. 

279.  Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California.  341. 

280.  Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento  342. 

Valley.  343. 

283.   The  Olive  Insects  of  California.  344. 

285.  The  Milk  Goat  in  California. 

286.  Commercial    Fertilizers.  345. 

287.  Vineear  from  Waste  Fruits. 

294.   Bean    Culture   in   California.  346. 

297.  The  Almond  in   California.  347. 

298.  Seedless  Raisin  Grapes. 

299.  The  Use  of  Lumber  on  California  Farms.  348. 
304.   A  study  on   the  Effects  of   Freezes  on  349. 

Citrus   in   California. 

308.   I.  Fumigation  with  Liquid  Hydrocyanic  350. 

Acid.  II.  Physical  and  Chemical  Prop-  351. 

erties  of  Liquid  Hydrocyanic  Acid.  352. 
310.   Plum  Pollination. 

312.  Mariout  Barley.  353. 

313.  Pruning  Young   Deciduous  Fruit  Trees.  354. 

316.  The   Kaki   or   Oriental   Persimmon.  355. 

317.  Selections  of   Stocks  in   Citrus   Propa-  356- 

gation. 
319.   Caprifigs  and  Caprification. 
321.   Commercial  Production  of  Grape  Syrup. 
324.    Storage  of  Perishable  Fruit  at  Freezing  358. 

Temperatures. 


Rice  Irrigation  Measurements  and  Ex- 
periments in  Sacramento  Valley, 
1914-1919. 

Prune  Growing  in  California. 

Phylloxera-Resistant  Stocks. 

Walnut  Culture  in  California. 

Preliminary  Volume  Tables  for  Second- 
Growth  Redwoods. 

Cocoanut  Meal  as  a  Feed  for  Dairy 
Cows  and  Other  Livestock. 

The  Preparation  of  Nicotine  Dust  as 
an  Insecticide. 

Some  Factors  of  Dehydrater  Efficiency. 

The  Relative  Cost  of  Making  Logs  from 
Small    and    Large    Timber. 

Control  of  the  Pocket  Gopher  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Studies  on  Irrigation  of  Citrus  Groves. 

Hog  Feeding  Experiments. 

Cheese  Pests  and  Their  Control. 

Cold  Storage  as  an  Aid  to  the  Market- 
ing of  Plums. 

Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Citrus 
Trees. 

Almond    Pollination. 

The  Control  of  Red  Spiders  in  Decidu- 
ous  Orchards. 

Pruning  Young  Olive  Trees. 

A  Study  of  Sidedraft  and  Tractor 
Hitches. 

Agriculture  in  Cut-over  Redwood  Lands. 

California  State  Dairy  Cow  Competition. 

Further  Experiments  in  Plum  Pollina- 
tion. 

Bovine  Infectious  Abortion. 

Results  of  Rice  Experiments  in   1922. 

The  Peach  Twig  Borer. 

Observations  on  Some  Rice  Weeds  in 
California. 

A  Self-mixing  Dusting  Machine  for 
Applying  Dry  Insecticides  and 
Fungicides. 

Black  Measles,  Water  Berries,  and 
Related    Vine    Troubles. 


CIRCULARS 

No.  No. 

70.   Observations    on    the    Status    of    Corn  170. 

Growing  in  California. 

82.  The  Common  Ground  Squirrel  of  Cali-  172. 

fornia.  173. 
87.  Alfalfa. 

110.  Green  Manuring  in   California.  174. 

111.  The  Use  of  Lime  and  Gypsum  on  Cali-  175. 

fornia  Soils. 

113.  Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture.  178. 

126.  Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper.  179. 

127.  House  Fumigation. 

136.  Melilotus   indica    as    a    Green-Manure  181. 

Crop  for  California. 

144.   Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine.  182. 
148.   "Lungworms." 

151.  Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs.  183. 

152.  Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand-  184. 

ling  of  Grain  in   California.  188. 

155.   Bovine  Tuberculosis.  189. 

157.   Control  of  the  Pear  Scab.  190. 

159.  Agriculture  in   the  Imperial   Valley.  193. 

160.  Lettuce  Growing  in  California.  198. 

161.  Potatoes  in   California.  199. 

165.  Fundamentals    of    Sugar   Beet   Culture  201. 

under  California  Conditions.  202. 

166.  The  County  Farm  Bureau. 

167.  Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance.  203. 
169.  The   1918   Grain  Crop.  205. 


Fertilizing  California  Soils  for  the  1918 

Crop. 
Wheat  Culture. 
The    Construction    of    the    Wood-Hoop 

Silo. 
Farm   Drainage  Methods. 
Progress  Report  on  the  Marketing  and 

Distribution  of  Milk. 
The  Packing  of  Apples  in  California. 
Factors    of    Importance    in    Producing 

Milk  of  Low  Bacterial  Count. 
Control     of     the     California      Ground 

Squirrel. 
Extending  the  Area  of  Irrigated  Wheat 

in   California  for  1918. 
Infectious  Abortion  in  Cows. 
A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm. 
Lambing   Sheds. 
Winter  Forage  Crops. 
Agriculture  Clubs   in   California. 
A  Study  of  Farm  Labor  in  California. 
Syrup  from   Sweet  Sorghum. 
Onion  Growing  in  California. 
Helpful  Hints  to   Hog  Raisers. 
County    Organizations   for   Rural    Fire 

Control. 
Peat  as  a  Manure  Substitute. 
Blackleg. 


CIRCULARS — Continued 


No.  No. 

206.  Jack  Cheese.  238. 

208.  Summary  of  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  239. 

Farm  Advisors  of  California. 

209.  The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau.  240. 

210.  Suggestions  to  the  Settler  in  California. 

212.  Salvaging  Rain-Damaged  Prunes.  241. 

214.  Seed  Treatment  for  the  Prevention  of 

Cereal  Smuts.  242. 

215.  Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in  California.  244. 

217.  Methods   for  Marketing   Vegetables  in  245. 

California.  246. 

218.  Advanced    Registry    Testing   of   Dairy 

Cows.  247. 

219.  The  Present  Status  of  Alkali.  248. 

224.  Control    of   the    Brown    Apricot    Scale 

and  the  Italian  Pear  Scale  on  Decid-  249. 

uous  Fruit  Trees.  250. 

225.  Propagation  of  Vines. 

228.  Vineyard  Irrigation  in  Arid  Climates.  251. 

230.  Testing  Milk,    Cream,   and   Skim   Milk 
for  Butterfat. 

232.  Harvesting    and    Handling    California  252. 

Cherries  for  Eastern  Shipment.  253. 

233.  Artificial  Incubation.  254. 

234.  Winter  Injury  to  Young  Walnut  Trees 

during  1921-22.  255. 

235.  Soil  Analysis  and  Soil  and  Plant  Inter- 

relations. 256. 

236.  The  Common  Hawks  and  Owls  of  Cali-  257. 

fornia   from    the     Standpoint  of  the  258. 

Rancher. 

237.  Directions  for  the  Tanning  and  Dress- 

ing of  Furs. 


The  Apricot  in  California. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Apricots  and 
Plums  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Pears  for 
Eastern  Shipment. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Peaches  for 
Eastern   Shipment. 

Poultry  Feeding. 

Central  Wire  Bracing  for  Fruit  Trees. 

Vine  Pruning  Systems. 

Desirable  Qualities  of  California  Bar- 
ley for  Export. 

Colonization  and  Rural  Development. 

Some  Common  Errors  in  Vine  Pruning 
and  Their  Remedies. 

Replacing  Missing  Vines. 

Measurement  of  Irrigation  Water  on 
the  Farm. 

Recommendations  Concerning  the  Com- 
mon Diseases  and  Parasites  of 
Poultry   in    California. 

Supports  for  Vines. 

Vineyard   Plans. 

The  Use  of  Artificial  Light  to  Increase 
Winter  Egg  Production. 

Leguminous  Plants  as  Organic  Fertil- 
izer in  California  Agriculture. 

The  Control  of  Wild  Morning  Glory. 

The  Small-Seeded  Horse  Bean. 

Thinning  Deciduous  Fruits. 


